Neuroscience Research Notes
ISSN: 2576-828X
OPEN ACCESS | RESEARCH NOTES
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward Covid-19 among the Mongolian general population during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic: a nationwide, population-based, randomised, cross-sectional study
Enkhnaran Tumurbaatar 1,2, Enkhjin Bat-Erdene 1, Otgontuya Duurenjargal 3, Myagmartseren Erbat 3, Tsolmontuya Amartuvshin 4, Myagmartseren Dashtseren 4, Gantsetseg Tumur-Ochir 3, Damdindorj Boldbaatar 5, Oka Takakazu 6, Battuvshin Lkhagvasuren 1,6 and Tsolmon Jadamba 7,8,*
1 Brain Science Institute, Graduate School, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
2 Department of International Cyber Education, Graduate School, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
3 Department of Mental Health, School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
4 Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
5 Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
6 Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Narita, Chiba, Japan
7 Timeline Research Center, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
8 Center of Excellence in Brain Research, Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
* Correspondence: tsolmon@mas.ac.mn; Tel.: +976-99117627
Received: 5 July 2021; Accepted: 23 September 2021; Published: 1 December 2021
Edited by: Norshariza Nordin (Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia)
Reviewed by: Maralgua Och (Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Mongolia); Adib Valibeygi (Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran)
https://doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v4i3Suppl.102
ABSTRACT
Improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19 is critical to control the infection rate of the pandemic successfully. Mongolia declared a state of emergency in January 2020 but no study was performed on public adherence to centralised measures and awareness of the pandemic in Mongolia. This study aimed to determine knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 in the general population, especially regarding the extent to which KAP has contributed to the control measures before local COVID-19 outbreaks. The study was conducted between July and October 2020, when the pandemic was limited to internationally imported cases. We adapted a structured KAP questionnaire that was used to survey residents of Wuhan, China, during the initial outbreak of the pandemic. Participants aged between 13 and 65 years (n=1324, mean age=39.79±14.8), 73.2% were women, and 27.2% held a bachelor’s degree or above. The results suggested that 81.9% of the participants had sufficient knowledge about the transmission, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of the disease. In the multiple linear regression, an increase in age and education contributed positively to a high knowledge score (p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). The majority of the participants (96.2% – 96.5%) had compliance with the measures to control COVID-19 spread with good practices (82.4% – 93.1%) toward COVID-19 prevention. In the binary logistic regression analyses, the COVID-19 knowledge score was associated with a higher likelihood of optimistic attitudes and preventive practices (OR: 0.617 – 0.845). In conclusion, despite the sufficient knowledge toward the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population of Mongolia, a relatively low level of optimistic attitudes and appropriate practices compared to other populations may negatively impact preventing the outbreak in the society. Health education programs aimed at improving COVID-19 knowledge will be helpful to minimise local epidemic growth and the current government measures such as lockdowns, quarantines, and travel restrictions.
Keywords:COVID-19; KAP; nationwide population-based; cross-sectional; Mongolia;
©2021 by Tumurbaatar et al. for use and distribution according to the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
COVID-19, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. This highly contagious pandemic is ongoing, with an overall infection fatality rate of 0.6-1.1% (Ngwewondo et al., 2020). Earlier studies have shown that the overall case fatality rate of COVID-19 is 2.3% in China, lower than those of SARS (9.5%), MERS (34.4%), and H7N9 (39.0%) (Munster et al., 2020). By October 2020, the COVID- 19 pandemic had spread to 215 countries, while there were only 338 laboratory-confirmed imported cases without local infections and mortality in Mongolia (Ministry of Health Mongolia, 2020), (WHO, 2020a). In Mongolia, the Government declared a state of emergency in January 2020 with an array of measures to curb the infections, much earlier than the WHO’s decision to announce a pandemic in March 2020 (WHO, 2020b). Those centralised measures included personal safety protection, curfew, international travel restrictions, quarantines of international travellers, closures of educational institutions accompanied by infection surveillance that lasted until September 2020 (Erkhembayar et al., 2020). These public health measures delayed the first confirmed infection case until March and prevented the first local infection outbreak in society until November 2020.
People’s adherence to these control measures is essential, primarily affected by their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 (Tachfouti et al., 2012). Previous studies suggest that public awareness of the epidemic nature and adherence to the control measures play an important role in preventing the spread of the pandemic (Bener & Al-Khal, 2004). So far, there has been no KAP study on COVID-19 in Mongolia, which determines public awareness concerning a range of knowledge about the causes, infection routes, symptoms, complications, treatment modalities, and prognosis of the disease. Low awareness may result in a potential risk of an infection outbreak. Since November, it has been reported by the Ministry of Health that there are 1692 confirmed cases and 2 deaths as of January 28th, 2021.
To facilitate outbreak management of COVID-19 in Mongolia, there is an urgent need to understand the public’s awareness of COVID-19 at this critical moment. In this study, we aimed to investigate KAP toward COVID-19 among the Mongolian population during the controlled period of the COVID-19 pandemic.
2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Brain Science Institute at the Mongolian National University conducts a nationwide multicentred, interdisciplinary, prospective, population-based cohort study to investigate brain-related disorders in the general population of Mongolia (MonTimeLine). The current population of Mongolia is 3,305,576 based on the latest United Nations data, of which half of them live in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city, and the remaining half of them live in 4 rural regions. The cohort consists of 64 sampling centres, including 30 primary health centres of 8 districts in Ulaanbaatar and 34 primary health centres of 4 rural regions in Mongolia. Primary health centres provide health care services to all individuals within certain geopolitical units where the entire population is registered by name, age, gender, education, employment, and household income (Figure 1).
Figure 1: MonTimeLine Cohort centres across Mongolia. The cohort consists of 64 sampling centres, including 38 primary health centres of 8 districts in Ulaanbaatar and 26 primary health centres of 4 rural regions in Mongolia.
In this cross-sectional study, we randomly selected 40 individuals aged 13 or older from each centre. Only Mongolian citizens who lived in the units for at least 6 months were considered to meet inclusion criteria. If selected participants were not available at the centre for the paper-based study, they were replaced by the following available participants regardless of age and sex category.
A total of 1,976 participants were approached to complete the survey. Five hundred seventeen of those approached either did not complete or refused to take the KAP survey. One hundred thirty-five participants were excluded due to missing dependent variables in the KAP survey. One thousand three hundred twenty-four participants were included in the final analysis. The survey started on the 24 July and the preliminary dataset was extracted on the 18 October 2020. The KAP survey was administered in the official language, Mongolian.
We adapted a structured KAP questionnaire to survey residents of Wuhan, China, during the initial outbreak of the pandemic. The questionnaire was translated into Mongolian then translated back to English by two independent reviewers, followed by an expert committee review. Demographic variables included age, gender, marital status, education level, occupation, income, and place of current residency. Briefly, the questionnaire was divided into three subsections and contained a total of 16 questions. There are 12 questions on the knowledge about COVID-19, 2 questions on the adherence of centralised measures, and 2 questions on the regular practice to prevent the infection. These questions have three answers with a true/false basis and an additional “I don’t know” option. A correct answer was assigned 1 point, whereas incorrect and “I do not know” answers were assigned 0 points. The total knowledge score ranged from 0 to 12, with a higher score referring to a better knowledge of COVID-19. The overall Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the knowledge questions was 0.65, indicating an acceptable internal consistency (Table 1) (Taber, 2018).
Data were analysed using SPSS for Windows, v26. Data were not normally distributed by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (df: 1324, statistic: 0.321, P<0.001). Differences in knowledge scores between demographic variables were tested using the independent samples Mann-Whitney U test or one-way analysis of variance (Woods et al. 2020) as appropriate. Differences in attitudes and practices between demographic variables were tested by the Mann-Whitney U test or the Kruskal-Wallis H test as appropriate. To identify the causal
relationship of demographic variables with overall knowledge score, we used the multivariate linear regression, whereas with attitudes or practices, the binary logistic regression or the multinomial logistic regression analyses as appropriate. Factors were selected with a stepwise forward method. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05, and all tests were two-tailed. Data were presented as means ± standard deviations (SD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Ethical considerations
Our study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards outlined in the 1964 World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. The institutional review board and Ethics committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences approved the study protocol and procedures for informed consent on 12 June 2020 (Ethics Nr. 20/03-05).
Table 1: Questionnaire of knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19.
Knowledge (n=1324, correct rate: 81.9%) | True | False | I don’t know | ||||
· K1. The main clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, fatigue, dry cough, and myalgia. (correct rate: 90.7) | 1201 | 44 | 79 | ||||
· K2. Unlike the common cold, stuffy nose, runny nose, and sneezing are less common in persons infected with the COVID-19 virus. (correct rate: 85.2) | 1128 | 69 | 127 | ||||
· K3. There currently is no effective cure for COVID-2019, but early symptomatic and supportive treatment can help most patients recover from the infection. (correct rate: 92.1) | 1220 | 31 | 73 | ||||
· K4. Not all persons with COVID-2019 will develop to severe cases. Only those who are elderly, have chronic illnesses, and are obese are more likely to be severe cases. (correct rate: 84.2) | 1115 | 105 | 104 | ||||
· K5.Eating or contacting wild animals would result in the infection by the COVID-19 virus. (correct rate: 25.5) | 337 | 844 | 143 | ||||
· K6. Persons with COVID-2019 cannot infect the virus to others when a fever is not present. (correct rate: 73.8) | 978 | 228 | 118 | ||||
· K7.The COVID-19 virus spreads via respiratory droplets of infected individuals. (94.6) | 1252 | 22 | 50 | ||||
· K8.Ordinary residents can wear general medical masks to prevent the infection by the COVID-19 virus. (correct rate: 96.7) | 1280 | 23 | 21 | ||||
· K9.It is not necessary for children and young adults to take measures to prevent the infection by the COVID-19 virus. (correct rate: 50.9) | 674 | 572 | 78 | ||||
· K10. To prevent the infection by COVID-19, individuals should avoid going to crowded places such as train stations and avoid taking public transportations. (correct rate: 96.1) | 1272 | 26 | 26 | ||||
· K11. Isolation and treatment of people who are infected with the COVID-19 virus are effective ways to reduce the spread of the virus. (correct rate: 96.9) | 1283 | 12 | 29 | ||||
· K12. People who have contact with someone infected with the COVID-19 virus should be immediately isolated in a proper place. In general, the observation period is 14 days. (correct rate: 96.6) | 1279 | 18 | 27 | ||||
· Overall knowledge (correct rate: 81.9) | 1084.92 | 166.17 | 72.91 | ||||
Attitudes | Agree | Disagree | I don’t know | ||||
· A1. Do you agree that COVID-19 will finally be successfully controlled? | 1277 | 7 | 40 | ||||
| Yes | No |
| ||||
· A2. Are you confident that Mongolia can win the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic? | 1274 | 50 |
| ||||
Practices | Yes | No |
| ||||
· P1. In recent days, have you gone to any crowded place? | 233 | 1091 |
| ||||
· P2. In recent days, have you worn a mask when leaving home? | 1233 | 91 |
|
3.0 RESULTS
A total of 1,324 participants completed the survey questionnaire. The average age was 39.79 years (SD: 14.8, range: 16-65), 969 (73.2%) were women, 359 (27.2%) held a bachelor’s degree or above, 876 (66.2%) married in a national registering agency and 605 (45.7%) were residents of Ulaanbaatar city. Other demographic characteristics are shown in (Table 2).
The correct answer rates of the 12 questions on the COVID-19 knowledge questionnaire were between 25.5% and 96.9% (Table 1). The mean COVID-19 knowledge score was 9.19 (SD: 1.47, range: 0-12), indicating an 81.9% correct rate overall. Knowledge scores significantly differed across age groups, education levels, employment, and current residency (Table 2). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that older age and higher education contributed positively to higher knowledge scores (P=0.034, P<0.001, respectively) (Table 3).
Most of the participants agreed that COVID-19 would be successfully controlled (96.5%). The rates of reporting “disagree” and “I don’t know” were 0.5% and 3.0%, respectively. The attitude toward the final success in controlling COVID-19 differed across age groups, current residency, and income. In addition, participants reporting “disagree” and “I don’t know” had significantly lower knowledge scores than those reporting “agree” (P<0.001).
Most participants (96.2%) believed that Mongolia could win the battle against COVID-19, while 3.8% had no such confidence. The attitude toward the confidence of winning differed across age groups, education levels, employment, current residency, and income. The COVID-19 knowledge scores were significantly lower in persons without than with confidence of winning (P<0.001) (Table 4).
Multinomial logistic regression analysis found that the agreement of final success in controlling the pandemic was positively associated with the marital status of “married” compared to “others” (“agree” vs “disagree”, OR: 0.157, P=0.039), and with the current residency of “other parts of Mongolia” compared to “Ulaanbaatar” (“agree” vs “I do not know”, OR: 6.05, p<0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the agreement of confidence in winning the battle against the pandemic was positively associated with the education level of “associated degree” compared to “bachelor’s degree or above” (OR: 0.315, P=0.030), and the current residency of “other parts of Mongolia” compared to “Ulaanbaatar” (OR: 10.33, P<0.001). Similarly, both attitudes were positively associated with higher COVID-19 knowledge scores (OR: 0.618, P=0.023; OR: 0.617, P<0.001, respectively) (Table 5).
The majority of the participants had not visited any crowded place (82.4%), and at the same time wore masks when going out (93.1%) in recent days. The participants who visited a crowded place (17.6%) were mostly employed men living in Ulaanbaatar. The participants who did not wear masks when going out (6.9%) were mainly young, never-married, employed people with less income (Table 6).
Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the agreement on the practice of not going to a crowded place was positively associated with a higher education level, employment, and residing out of Ulaanbaatar. In contrast, the agreement on the practice of wearing a mask when going out was positively associated with older age, higher education, and employment (Table 7).
Table 2: Demographic characteristics and knowledge score.
Characteristics (n=1324) | n (%) | Knowledge score (mean ± SD) | T (df)/F | P-value* | |
Gender | Male | 355 (26.8) | 9.1 ± 1.49 | -1.35/1322 | 0.108 |
Female | 969 (73.2) | 9.22 ± 1.46 | |||
Age groups (years) | 13-19 | 173 (13.1) | 9.06 ± 1.43 | 5/2.421 | 0.034 |
20-29 | 188 (14.2) | 9.31 ± 1.68 | |||
30-39 | 260 (19.6) | 8.99 ± 1.66 | |||
40-49 | 304 (23.0) | 9.22 ± 1.53 | |||
50-59 | 273 (20.6) | 9.22 ± 1.21 | |||
60< | 126 (9.5) | 9.47 ± 1.04 | |||
Marital status | Married | 876 (66.2) | 9.21 ± 1.46 | 2/0.821 | 0.440 |
Never-married | 290 (21.9) | 9.1 ± 1.49 | |||
Others# | 158 (11.9) | 9.26 ± 1.52 | |||
Education | Middle school or below | 640 (48.3) | 9.04± 1.53 | 2/9743 | <0.001 |
Associate’s degree | 325 (24.5) | 9.19 ± 1.41 | |||
Bachelor’s degree or above | 359 (27.2) | 9.46 ± 1.39 | |||
Employment | Student | 174 (13.1) | 9.01 ± 1.32 | 3/2.862 | 0.036 |
Pensioner | 283 (21.4) | 9.27 ± 1.02 | |||
Unemployed | 164 (12.4) | 8.94 ± 1.25 | |||
Employed | 703 (53.1) | 9.25 ± 1.57 | |||
Current residency | Ulaanbaatar | 605 (45.7) | 9.22 ± 1.93 | 0.61/840.35 | <0.001 |
Other parts of Mongolia | 719 (54.3) | 9.17 ± 0.93 | |||
Income | < 175$ | 841 (63.5) | 9.13 ± 1.42 | 2/2370 | 0.094 |
175$-525$ | 462 (34.9) | 9.28 ± 1.58 | |||
> 525$ | 21 (1.6) | 9.57 ± 0.92 |
* P-values were calculated using the independent samples Mann-Whitney test or ANOVA as appropriate.
# “Others” included re-married, cohabiting, separated, divorced, and widowed.
Table 3: Results of multiple linear regression on factors associated with COVID-19 knowledge.
Variables | Coefficient (Woods et al.) | 95% CI | Standard error | t | P-value* | |
Lower | Upper | |||||
Gender | 0.077 | -0.104 | 0.258 | 0.092 | 0.831 | 0.406 |
Age groups | 0.059 | 0.005 | 0.113 | 0.028 | 2.127 | 0.034 |
Marital status | 0.048 | -0.072 | 0.168 | 0.061 | 0.788 | 0.431 |
Education | 0.218 | 0.107 | 0.329 | 0.057 | 3.849 | <0.001 |
Employment | -0.038 | -0.124 | 0.048 | 0.044 | -0.862 | 0.389 |
Current residency | 0.046 | -0.119 | 0.211 | 0.084 | 0.548 | 0.584 |
Income | 0.079 | -0.106 | 0.264 | 0.094 | 0.837 | 0.403 |
* P-values were calculated using the multiple linear regression model. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Table 4: Attitudes toward COVID-19 by demographic variables.
Characteristics (n=1324) | Attitudes, n (%) | |||||||
Final success in controlling | P-value* | Confidence of winning | P-value* | |||||
Agree 1277 (96.5) | Disagree 7 (0.5) | I don’t know 40 (3.0) | Yes 1274 (96.2) | No 50 (3.8) | ||||
Gender | Male | 343 (96.6) | 0 (0) | 12 (3.4) | 0.250 | 347 (97.7) | 8 (2.3) | 0.079 |
Female | 934 (96.4) | 7 (0.7) | 28 (2.9) | 927 (95.7) | 42 (4.3) | |||
Age groups (years) | 13-19 | 161 (93.0) | 0 (0) | 12 (7) | 0.006 | 168 (97.1) | 5 (2.9) | 0.003 |
20-29 | 179 (95.2) | 2 (1.1) | 7 (3.7) | 173 (92.0) | 15 (8.0) | |||
30-39 | 248 (95.4) | 3 (1.2) | 9 (3.5) | 248 (95.4) | 12 (4.6) | |||
40-49 | 298 (98.0) | 2 (0.7) | 4 (1.3) | 290 (95.4) | 14 (4.6) | |||
50-59 | 268 (98.2) | 0 (0) | 5 (1.8) | 269 (98.5) | 4 (1.5) | |||
60< | 123 (97.6) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.4) | 126 (100) | 0 (0) | |||
Marital status | Married | 850 (97.0) | 4 (0.5) | 22 (2.5) | 0.280 | 843 (96.2) | 33 (3.8) | 0.980 |
Never-married | 276 (95.2) | 0 (0) | 14 (4.8) | 279 (96.2) | 11 (3.8) | |||
Others# | 151 (95.6) | 3 (1.9) | 4 (2.5) | 152 (96.2) | 6 (3.8) | |||
Education | Middle school and below | 615 (96.1) | 2 (0.3) | 23 (3.6) | 0.623 | 620 (96.9) | 20 (3.1) | 0.016 |
Associate’s degree | 317 (97.5) | 3 (0.9) | 5 (1.5) | 320 (98.5) | 5 (1.5) | |||
Bachelor’s degree and above | 345 (96.1) | 2 (0.6) | 12 (3.3) | 334 (93.0) | 25 (7.0) | |||
Employment | Student | 161 (92.5) | 0 (0) | 13 (7.5) | 0.144 | 167 (96.0) | 7 (4.0) | 0.050 |
Pensioner | 279 (98.6) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.4) | 280 (98.9) | 3 (1.1) | |||
Unemployed | 159 (97.0) | 2 (1.2) | 3 (1.8) | 158 (96.3) | 6 (3.7) | |||
Employed | 678 (96.4) | 5 (0.7) | 20 (2.8) | 669 (95.2) | 34 (4.8) | |||
Current residency | Ulaanbaatar | 570 (94.2) | 3 (0.5) | 32 (5.3) | <0.001 | 559 (92.5) | 45 (7.5) | <0.001 |
Other parts of Mongolia | 707 (98.3) | 4 (0.6) | 8 (1.1) | 714 (99.3) | 5 (0.7) | |||
Income | < 175$ | 812 (96.6) | 1 (0.1) | 28 (3.3) | 0.024 | 819 (97.4) | 22 (2.6) | 0.003 |
175$-525$ | 445 (96.3) | 6 (1.3) | 11 (2.4) | 436 (94.4) | 26 (5.6) | |||
> 525$ | 20 (95.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.8) | 19 (90.5) | 2 (9.5) | |||
COVID-19 knowledge score, mean (SD) | 9.3 (1.3) | 7.6 (2.8) | 7 (3.7) | <0.001 | 9.2 (1.4) | 8.2 (3.1) | 0.119 |
* P-values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, or ANOVA as appropriate.
# “Others” included re-married, cohabiting, separated, divorced, and widowed.
Table 5: Results of multiple binary logistic regression analysis on factors associated with attitudes toward COVID-19.
Variables | OR (95%CI) | P-value* |
Final success in controlling the pandemic | ||
Marital status (married vs. others) | 0.157 (0.027, 0.911) | 0.039 |
Current residency (other parts of Mongolia vs. Ulaanbaatar) | 6.053 (2.689, 13.624) | <0.001 |
COVID-19 knowledge score | 0.618 (0.407, 0.935) | 0.023 |
Confidence of winning battle the pandemic | ||
Education (associate’s degree vs. bachelor’s degree and above) | 0.315 (0.112, 0.892) | 0.030 |
Current residency (other parts of Mongolia vs. Ulaanbaatar) | 10.25 (3.963, 26.51) | <0.001 |
COVID-19 knowledge score | 0.617 (0.535, 0.712) | <0.001 |
* P-values were calculated using the multinomial logistic regression or binary logistic regression as appropriate.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Table 6: Practices toward COVID-19 by demographic variables.
Characteristics (n=1324) | Practices, n (%) or mean (standard deviation) | ||||||
Going to a crowded place | Wearing a mask when going out | ||||||
Yes 233 (17.6) | No 1091 (82.4) | P-value* | Yes 1233 (93.1) | No 91 (6.9) | P-value* | ||
Gender | Male | 49 (13.8) | 306 (86.2) | 0.028 | 324 (91.3) | 31 (8.7) | 0.106 |
Female | 184 (19.0) | 785 (81.0) | 909 (93.8) | 60 (6.2) | |||
Age groups (years) | 13-19 | 32 (18.5) | 141 (81.5) | 0.837 | 151 (87.3) | 22 (12.7) | <0.001 |
20-29 | 35 (18.6) | 153 (81.4) | 169 (89.9) | 19 (10.1) | |||
30-39 | 39 (15.0) | 221 (85.0) | 240 (92.3) | 20 (7.7) | |||
40-49 | 62 (20.4) | 242 (79.6) | 291 (95.7) | 13 (4.3) | |||
50-59 | 40 (14.7) | 233 (85.3) | 258 (94.5) | 15 (5.5) | |||
60< | 25 (19.2) | 101 (80.2) | 124 (98.4) | 2 (1.6) | |||
Marital status | Married | 143 (16.3) | 733 (83.7) | 0.083 | 830 (94.7) | 46 (5.3) | 0.004 |
Never-married | 57 (19.7) | 233 (80.3) | 257 (88.6) | 33 (11.4) | |||
Others# | 33 (20.9) | 125 (79.1) | 146 (92.4) | 12 (7.6) | |||
Education | Middle school and below | 114 (17.8) | 526 (82.2) | 0.951 | 586 (91.6) | 54 (8.4) | 0.178 |
Associate’s degree | 53 (16.3) | 272 (83.7) | 314 (96.6) | 11 (3.4) | |||
Bachelor’s degree and above | 66 (18.4) | 293 (81.6) | 333 (92.8) | 26 (7.2) | |||
Employment | Student | 21 (12.1) | 153 (87.9) | 0.011 | 165 (94.8) | 9 (5.2) | <0.001 |
Pensioner | 42 (14.8) | 241 (85.2) | 280 (98.9) | 3 (1.1) | |||
Unemployed | 32 (19.5) | 132 (80.5) | 158 (96.3) | 6 (3.7) | |||
Employed | 138 (19.6) | 565 (80.4) | 630 (89.6) | 73 (10.4) | |||
Current residency | Ulaanbaatar | 177 (7.4) | 428 (92.6) | <0.001 | 561 (92.7) | 44 (7.3) | 0.598 |
Other parts of Mongolia | 56 (0.7) | 663 (99.3) | 672 (93.5) | 47 (6.5) | |||
Income | < 175$ | 139 (16.5) | 702 (83.5) | 0.240 | 793 (94.3) | 48 (5.7) | 0.041 |
175$-525$ | 93 (20.1) | 369 (79.9) | 419 (90.7) | 43 (9.3) | |||
> 525$ | 1 (4.8) | 20 (95.2) | 21 (100.0) | 0 (0) | |||
COVID-19 knowledge score, mean (SD) | 9.25 (1.1) | 8.88 (2.57) | 0.034 | 9.23 (1.37) | 8.67 (2.45) | 0.501 |
* P-values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, or ANOVA as appropriate.
# “Others” included re-married, cohabiting, separated, divorced, and widowed.
Table 7. Results of multiple binary logistic regression analysis on factors associated with practices toward COVID-19.
Variables | OR (95%CI) | P-value* |
Going to a crowded place | ||
Education (bachelor’s degree and above vs middle school and below) | 2.058 (1.348, 3.143) | 0.001 |
Employment (employed vs student) | 0.227 (0.110, 0.466) | <0.001 |
Employment (employed vs pensioner) | 0.564 (0.338, 0.940) | 0.028 |
Current residency (other parts of Mongolia vs. Ulaanbaatar) | 5.774 (4.071, 8.191) | <0.001 |
COVID-19 knowledge score | 0.882 (0.810, 0.960) | 0.004 |
Wearing a mask when going out | ||
Age groups | 0.733 (0.569, 0.945) | 0.016 |
Education (bachelor’s degree and above vs middle school and below) | 2.349 (1.296, 4.256) | 0.005 |
Employment (employed vs student) | 0.075 (0.030, 0.189) | <0.001 |
Employment (employed vs pensioner) | 0.134 (0.038, 0.471) | 0.002 |
Employment (employed vs unemployed) | 0.259 (0.104, 0.647) | 0.004 |
COVID-19 knowledge score | 0.845 (0.754, 0.947) | 0.004 |
* P-values were calculated using the multiple binary logistic regression. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval
4.0 DISCUSSION
This study determined the knowledge, attitude, and practices toward COVID-19 among the Mongolian general population. The results suggest that the participants have sufficient knowledge about the transmission, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of the disease. Mongolians held an optimistic attitude to disease control measures. Most participants complied with the recommended practices such as wearing masks and social distancing to prevent COVID-19 infections.
The first KAP study towards COVID-19 conducted in Hubei province revealed that the correct answer rate of the knowledge questionnaire was excellent, whereas Palestinian and Bangladesh studies showed a marginal correct answer rate (Zhong et al., 2020; Qutob & Awartani, 2021; Ferdous et al., 2020). Compared to previous studies, our findings demonstrate that the Mongolian general population has moderate knowledge of COVID-19. Our results were similar to the Malaysian KAP study (Azlan et al., 2020). This may be associated with the early onset of centralised measures that have been accompanied by daily news reports on new cases in the country and abroad by the Ministry of Health. In addition to this, there has been widespread information about the disease’s nature and facts in the media and on social networking platforms. The significant positive association between levels of education and COVID-19 knowledge scores supports this speculation. The South Koreans discussed the “infodemic”, which had been a tremendous and ongoing challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic in their study. In agreement with their results, we found a high prevalence of misunderstanding of the source of infection from eating or contacting wild animals (Lee et al., 2021). This also means that policymakers and health professionals should recognise target populations for COVID-19 prevention and health education programs and prioritise providing information to certain demographic groups, particularly the youth and those with a low level of education. Furthermore, children and young adults did not wear a mask when going out. This is contrary to previous studies that reported older age affects risk-taking behaviours (Cobey et al., 2013).
Similar to previous KAP studies, these findings suggest that higher COVID-19 knowledge scores were found to be significantly associated with a higher likelihood of positive attitudes and appropriate practices toward the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating the importance of improving knowledge to raise attitudes and appropriate practices toward COVID-19 (Zhong et al., 2020). Despite the higher knowledge score, residents of Ulaanbaatar showed less optimistic attitudes and less appropriate practice compared to the residents of other places than Ulaanbaatar.
Overall, most participants adhered to centralised measures to prevent infection, such as avoiding crowded places and wearing masks when going outside. This optimistic attitude of the Mongolian population could be related to the relatively long absence of local infections of the pandemic. However, 17.6% of the participants visited a crowded place, and 6.9% did not wear a mask when going out, representing a high risk of infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). These risky behaviours were related to age, gender, and marital status that resemble the results of the Vietnamese KAP survey (Van Nhu et al., 2020). Yue et al. (2021) noticed a practice difference between residing sites of the participant. Similarly, we found that never-married, employed middle-aged women residing in Ulaanbaatar had better practices than others. It may indicate that those people might be the employees who have to work during the period, such as medical professionals and financial services workers. Second, the less adherence to preventive measures could be related to prolonged lockdown and curfew of the city. Compared to Chinese residents of whom 70.1-88.9% were adherent with the measures during the SARS epidemic, and 96.4-98.0% were during the COVID-19 pandemic, the adherence rates of the current study were relatively low, which indicate an urgent need to educate the target populations (Bener & Al-Khal, 2004). In accordance with the findings of the current results, most of the infections spread locally were registered in Ulaanbaatar since the pandemic surged in the society in November. Our results showed an inappropriate reaction of adolescents to wearing a mask when leaving home by comparison with other age groups. The main positive practice of adolescents in this study was maintaining adequate social distancing. It was in accordance with a report from a Jordanian study (Dardas et al., 2020). Therefore, the most vulnerable populations of Mongolian society during the COVID-19 pandemic are young and urban populations with less education, who are more likely to have poor knowledge, negative attitudes, and inappropriate preventive practices toward COVID-19. It is essential to increase the adherence to control measures since poor knowledge and attitudes toward infectious diseases are the risk factors to complications of outbreak management of the outbreak to prevent the infection.
The limitation of this study was the small size of the sample population that was predominantly consisted of women compared to other national populations. This may have been associated with the paper administration we used for the study due to limited access to the internet and the utilisation of online health care information among the rural population. Another limitation of the study is the direct adoption of assessment for attitudes and practices toward COVID-19 from an external source without developing a standard questionnaire by in-depth interview, group discussion, and test-retest validation. Due to the limitations and the local outbreak of the infection since
November, more studies are required to investigate the KAP toward COVID-19 among the general population in Mongolia to facilitate the battle against the disease. It is essential to evaluate mental distress in the general population during this pandemic; thus, having good knowledge, a positive attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 is a preventive measure for mental distress (Rias et al., 2020).
5.0 CONCLUSIONS
In summary, our findings suggest that the Mongolian population of well-educated, employed, older people with a relatively high income had good knowledge, optimistic attitudes, and appropriate practices towards COVID-19 during the initial period of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, good knowledge is associated with optimistic attitudes and appropriate practices towards COVID-19, suggesting that health education programs should be aimed at improving COVID-19 knowledge essential to public adherence to centralised measures among young and urban populations.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the assistance of the MonTimeline cohort study team of the Brain Science Institute at the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. We greatly appreciate those who participated in our study and 64 cluster centre coordinators who supported collecting data.
Author Contributions
E.T., B.L., and T.J. conceived and designed the study; E.T., T.A., O.D., M.E., M.D. and G.T., performed and collected the data; E.B., G.T., and B.L analysed the data; M.D., D.B., and T.J. contributed reagents and materials; E.T., E.B., and B.L. wrote the paper; O.T., D.B., and T.J. edited and reviewed the paper.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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